| Stanley S. McGowen, "Battle or Massacre?:
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| | Fredericksburg to control the situation,
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| The Incident on the Nueces, April 10,
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| | and martial law was declared in Gillespie
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| 1862," Southwestern Historical Quarterly,
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| | County. After learning of plots to attack
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| vol. CIV, no. 1 (2000), 64-86.This
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| | the Confederate troops, Captain James
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| article examines the events that led to
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| | Duff arrested several local citizens and
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| the confrontation between German
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| | executed two German immigrants that he
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| unionists and Confederate soldiers on the
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| | considered to be troublemakers. These
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| banks of the Nueces River. Stanley
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| | incidents caused many German unionists to
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| McGowen presents evidence that the German
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| | decide to flee to Mexico.Informants told
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| settlers were heavily armed and,
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| | Duff of this exodus, and he sent
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| therefore, not massacred as some later
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| | ninety-six soldiers in pursuit of them.
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| generations have claimed. However, the
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| | They located the German unionists on
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| German unionists who were captured in the
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| | August 9 at the Nueces River. The
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| battle were killed later under suspicious
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| | soldiers planned to attack at 1 a.m.
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| circumstances, and they could be said to
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| | while the Germans were asleep. The
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| have been massacred.German settlers did
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| | soldiers split into two forces to attack
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| not initially participate in unionism
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| | from two directions. However, two Germans
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| after Abraham Lincoln's election to the
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| | ran into one of the Texas forces, and the
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| presidency. They organized the Union
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| | battle was begun prematurely. The Germans
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| Loyal League in 1861, and earned the
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| | took what cover they could and fought
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| title of traitors and insurrectionists
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| | back, killing and wounding twenty-one
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| from secessionists. Although many people
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| | men, but were overrun by superior forces.
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| assert that the Union's purpose was to
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| | About twenty-three men escaped early in
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| maintain neutrality in the war and
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| | the battle, and six others escaped after
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| prevent animosity between Union and
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| | the Confederates overran the camp. What
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| Confederate sympathizers, McGowen
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| | happened after the Confederates took the
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| contends that soon after Texas seceded
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| | camp can be considered a massacre; nine
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| the Union Loyal League organized militias
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| | or eleven of the wounded Germans were
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| in eighteen German communities to
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| | dragged into the woods and shot in the
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| actively oppose the Confederacy. Members
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| | head.The Battle of the Nueces resulted in
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| of the militia swore oaths never to
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| | a bushwhacker war between Unionists and
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| betray the United States of America and
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| | Confederate sympathizers. Ambushes from
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| were well armed with rifles and
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| | both sides were so common that many
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| ammunition. McGowen presents the
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| | features of the surrounding terrain were
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| testimony of a Union Loyal League member
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| | named Bushwhacker. Many homes and farms
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| as to the Union's purpose, which was to
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| | were set on fire, and sometimes the
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| join the Federal troops as soon as they
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| | occupants were shot. These incidents
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| invaded Texas. Some of the actions taken
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| | created animosity between the two
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| by the German unionists were to write
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| | factions and it continues today among the
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| letters of an insurrectionist nature to
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| | descendants of German unionists and
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| Northern newspapers, establish an
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| | Confederate sympathizers.Mary Arnold
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| underground communication system between
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| | graduated from University of
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| themselves and the United States, and to
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| | Houston-Clear Lake with a B.A. in
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| intimidate anyone who supported the
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| | literature and history.She is an author
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| Confederacy.Soldiers were sent to
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| | on which is a site for Writers.
|